Prostate cancer ranks as the number two cancer-related killer of men.  It is the single most common cancer to be diagnosed in men.  It is estimated that close to 192,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2009 alone.  Of those, more than 28,000 will lose their lives.  Prostate cancer is an issue that will effect an estimated 1 out of every 6 men.
There are a number of unavoidable risk factors that increase a man’s chance of developing prostate cancer.  African-Americans are the most susceptible to prostate cancer, but other factors like simply advancing in age increase the chance of prostate cancer.  No one can affect their race, gender or age, but it is important to be aware of the risks and take steps to alter things that can be changed to reduce the chances of developing prostate cancer and promote a healthier prostate.

Exercise

There are several lifestyle changes that can help to reduce a man’s risk of prostate cancer and increase prostate health.  Simple changes to diet and eliminating other risk factors like smoking can greatly decrease the chances of prostate cancer.  Increased exercise, specifically aerobic exercise, may also play a role in reducing risk and promoting greater prostate health.
In recent years there has be contradictory evidence for connecting exercise with the risk of prostate cancer.  However, recent clinical research studies indicate that regular aerobic exercise may, indeed, play a role in prostate health and decrease a man’s chances of developing prostate cancer.  In fact, increased exercise can possibly lower that chance by as much as 65%.

Importance of Aerobics

It is important to note that aerobic exercise alone is indicated to potentially prevent to occurrence of prostate cancer.  Simply exercising more may not be enough to reap the benefits of a healthier prostate.  Those who statistically demonstrated a significantly lower risk for prostate cancer were those who engaged in vigorous aerobic exercise on a regular basis.  In fact, even moderate aerobic exercise was indicated to reduce the risk of the high-grade tumors that spread most aggressively.
Everyone understands the importance of aerobic exercise in maintaining energy levels and promoting overall good health.  However, now more than ever, it is important for men to become more physically active.  Not only can regular aerobic exercise boost a man’s stamina, energy,  heart health and overall wellbeing, but it can lead to a healthier prostate and may well save his life.

Frequency of Exercise

Sporadic exercise has very little benefit in any capacity, much less in the potential to maintain a healthy prostate.  The full impact of exercise can only be seen through regularity, intensity and the length of time that the exercise is engaged in.  All men should, if at all possible, engage in 30 minutes of high impact aerobic exercise each day.  It may be surprising to think that the racket ball game you pick up once or twice a week might be saving your prostate, but it absolutely could.  Even engaging in longer periods of moderate aerobics like jogging could impact your prostate health.

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure used to sterilize males.  This practice remains one of the most widely popular methods of contraception throughout the world because of its simplicity, its permanence and its effectiveness.  The practicality of getting a vasectomy makes it ideal for men who have made the conscious decision to not have any more children.

What is a Vasectomy?

A vasectomy is an outpatient procedure that is intended to permanently sterilize a male.  During the procedure the surgeon makes a tiny incision into the scrotum of the man to expose the vas deferens.  The vas deferens it the tube that carries sperm from the testicles to the seminal vesicles and prostate where it is mixed with the ejaculate fluid.
Once the vas deferens is exposed it is then cut, clamped or sealed by other methods.  This prevents sperm from being able to travel up the vas deferens.  The man will still be able to ejaculate, but there will no longer be sperm that could impregnate his partner.

What Happens to the Sperm?

After the vasectomy the male’s testicles still produce sperm.  However, since the sperm have no way to leave the body, they remain in the testicles.  The body then reabsorbs the sperm.  This also happens in unsterilized males when they do not ejaculate for an extended period of time and is nothing that causes problems.

After Surgery

After surgery the scrotum remains numbed because of the anesthetic for several hours.  There may be some swelling and mild pain for a few days as your body begins to heal.  Using an ice pack can help alleviate some of this discomfort.  Sexual activity can be resumed whenever the male feels recovered enough and comfortable to do so.  Most men find that they can within a week.
In the months immediately following the vasectomy the male should take caution and continue to use other means of birth control.  Even though the transmission of sperm through the vas deferens has been blocked some sperm may remain in the upper section of the vas deferens and could still impregnate his partner.  It is important to use birth control until the entirety of the sperm have had time to leave the body or to be reabsorbed by the body.

Is It Effective?

Vasectomy is one of the most effective means of birth control.  In fact it has very close to a 100% success rate (about 99.85%).  This means that only 1 out of every thousand female partners of a man who has had a vasectomy will get pregnant within the first year following the male’s vasectomy.

Benefits Over Other Birth Control Methods

Because the vasectomy is permanent it takes much of the worry out of birth control.  It is more effective than many of the long-term female birth control methods with less side effects.  With a vasectomy there is no worry about a condom breaking or a pill being forgotten.  A vasectomy allows for intimate copulation without worry, though it should be understood that a vasectomy in no way protects against sexually transmitted diseases.

Prostate enlargement is an issue that affects the life of 9 out of every 10 men at some point in their lives.  As you get older the chances of prostate issues gets higher.  For the most part, prostate enlargement is not life threatening.  However, prostate cancer is always a serious risk.
Prostate cancer remains the number two in the statistical data relating to cancer fatalities in men.  In fact, it is estimated that in 2009 there were just short of 200,000 prostate cancer related deaths.  That a staggering number and one that should raise a warning flag for all men regarding prostate health.  Because prostate cancer is a serious problem for men, it is important that all men talk to their physicians about their risk, get regular exams and be aware of the signs of prostate cancer.

Regular Exams

Not all prostate enlargement is due to cancer.  Most prostate enlargement is not life threatening.  However, almost half of men over the age of 60 show signs of prostate enlargement, many of whom started having problems much younger.  If you are over the age of 40 it is important to talk to your doctor about your risk for prostate cancer and to get regular digital rectal exams.

Prostate cancer can be treated successfully in many cases, but the chances of surviving prostate cancer are much better if it is caught early.  Getting regular digital rectal exams allows your doctor to check for nodules that could indicate malignant tumors on the prostate gland.  Catching those cancerous growths on your prostate early can significantly improve  your prognosis.
Being open with your doctor about prostate health and educating yourself about the risks of prostate cancer is the best way to decrease you chances of being a number in next year’s prostate cancer-related death statistics.  Many men put off getting prostate exams because they feel awkward about the procedure.  However, this is one instance where shyness and hesitancy can be fatal.

When to Talk to Your Doctor

Prostate cancer is not age discriminate.  True, the chances of cancer increase with age, but prostate cancer has been diagnosed in some men as early as in their 20s.  So just because you are under the age 50 don’t assume you are exempt and risk free.
Symptoms of prostate enlargement include an increase frequency in the number of times you need to urinate, including waking up to urinate during the night.  An increased urgency in the need to urinate can also signal prostate changes, as can leaking or continued dripping after urination.  Prostate enlargement can also lead to a feeling of not being able to full empty your bladder.
Though age and race are both risk factors, the single greatest risk factor for getting prostate cancer is simply having a prostate.  In other words, all men are at risk.  However, there are signs that you can watch for that indicate prostate issues.  Not all prostate issues are cancer-related, but it is important to understand changes in your prostate and to notify your doctor immediately if you begin seeing the signs of prostate enlargement.

Bladder control issues affect many men as they get older.  Such issues can also accompany changes in the prostate that occur in almost all men over the age of 50.  When these changes begin to occur it is not uncommon to begin experiencing some difficulties with urination.
Bladder problems can produce significant symptoms such as leakage and increased frequency or urgency in urination.  At the least this problem are inconvenient, but at times they can be a source of significant embarrassment.  However, if you are experiencing bladder control problems you aren’t helpless to do anything about it.

What Can I Do?

First talk to your doctor, since bladder control problems can sometimes by a sign of a more significant problem, such as prostate cancer.  In most instances bladder control problems are treatable.  There are also things you can do on your own to help alleviate the discomfort of bladder control problems and even to improve your bladder function.

Changing Habits

Simply changing some of your daily habits can significantly improve your bladder health and function.  There are also a number of diet changes that can have a big impact on your bladder.  Making a conscious decision to improve you bladder help is the first step to a healthier, stronger bladder.

Diet

There are a number of foods and liquids that are known to irritate the bladder.   Drinks such as coffee, teas, sodas and even some cough medicines contain caffeine which is a diuretic (a substance that increases urine production).  Alcohol is also a diuretic and a depressent; not only does it increase urine production, it also makes it harder to control the release of it.
Some people may find that other foods and beverage give them bladder trouble as well.  Very acidic foods and juices like grapefruits and other citruses, or tomatoes can affect the bladder.  Spicy foods can also contribute to difficulties with the bladder, as can milk products like ice cream, cheese or yogurt.
If you find that you are experiencing a lot of bladder irritation, try phasing these foods and beverages out of your diet for one or two weeks.  If your bladder problems seem to lessen, slowly add things back into your diet, one every couple of days.  This will help you identify the problem foods and beverages and improve your bladder health.  Remember that caffeine and alcohol almost always contribute to bladder problems and should be limited as much as possible.

Medical Means

Don’t think that you have to confront your bladder problems alone.  Talk to your doctor candidly about what is going on with your bladder.  If your doctor thinks that your bladder issues are nerve related rather than a prostate issue then he or she may want to prescribe medication to help reduce the improper nerve signals to your bladder.  There are also other medication that can help to relax the bladder and ever reduce the size of the prostate, improving your bladder health.  Your doctor may even want to explore surgical options to help with your bladder problems.

Prostate enlargement is something that almost every man will have to deal with at some point in his life.  Some men may never experience any symptoms at all from prostate enlargement well into old age.  Others may experience severe effects from a much younger age.  Regardless of where you may fall in that spectrum, chances are you will have to face prostate issues at some point.

BPH

Studies indicate that, by the age of 70, almost 90% of men display at least some signs of an enlarged prostate.  Many men begin to experience problems with their prostate as early as their 50s.  Most will only ever develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) which is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate.
Even though BPH is not life threatening, it can still be a source of discomfort and inconvenience.  Men suffering from BPH can have a wide range of symptoms ranging from simply embarrassing to physically painful.  An enlarged prostate can cause difficulty in urination, an increased in frequency of urination, the inability to completely empty your bladder and other unpleasant symptoms.

Prostate Cancer

The symptoms of an enlarged prostate don’t always mean BPH, though.  The same symptoms can also be an indication of something much more serious.  When prostate enlargement is not benign, it can quickly become a life-threatening issue – prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in men.  It also ranks as the second highest cancer-related cause of death for men.  Sadly, many of these deaths happen because the cancer was not caught at an early stage and began to spread.  This is why it is extremely important for all men to get regular prostate examinations starting in your 40s.

Protecting Your Prostate

Getting regular prostate exams is the best way to improve your chances of catching cancer early, before it is too late.  However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle between exams is the best way to reduce your chances of developing prostate cancer.  Being proactive about prostate health can also potentially help you avoid some of the uncomfortable symptoms associated with BPH as well.
Probably one of the most important changes a man can make to protect his prostate is to change how he eats.  We all love our junk food, but making some small changes now can pay off later.  Upping your intake of anti-oxidants is crucial.  Anti-oxidants bind to the free radicals that can cause cancer and help remove them from the body.
Reducing your intake of greasy fast-foods and caffeine help improve your chances as well.  If you drink or smoke, consider quitting or at least cut back.  If you don’t already exercise at least 20-30 minutes a day, start getting into the habit.  Taking time to increase your frequency of aerobic exercise not only improves your overall health, but recent studies show it may reduce your chances of developing prostate cancer as well.  Making healthy choices now may not just save you from embarrassing problems with bladder control, it could save your life.

cadaver:  The body of a deceased individual, usually used in reference to a body intended for dissection and study.

cadaveric: Of or referring to a dead body.

CAH:  See congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

calcium:  A mineral used by the body in bone production and maintenance.  Calcium in the body is stored in the hard part of the bones and is used in a number of other physiological processes.  It plays a role in the ability of muscled to contract, and as such is vital to heart activity.  Calcium also is important in blood clotting and in the maintenance of the nervous system. Calcium deposits may build up and form stones within the kidneys.

calcium oxalate stones:  A type of calcium stone formed with in the kidney.  This type of stone is the most common.  It is composed of a dense crystalline structure, generally interlaced with calcium phosphate.

calculi:  Plural for calculus.  See calculus
calculus:  Any abnormal accretion of minerals creating a hard formation within the body.  Also referred to as a stone.

calyces:  Plural for calyx.  See calyx.

calyx:  A conic hallow within the pelvis of the kidney.  Urine passes through the calyx into the ureter.

cancer:  An abnormal cell growth.  The unrestricted growth of cells can pass into other tissues and organs, and is potentially fatal.

capillaries:  Plural for capillary.  See capillary.

capillary:  A very small and thinly walled blood vessel that delivers blood to tissues.  The capillary arterioles connect to the venules of the capillary vein, marking the site of exchange between oxygen rich blood flowing into the tissue by means of the arteries and oxygen depleted blood being carried away by the veins.

carcinogen:  A substance known to produce malignant cell growth (cancer).

carcinoma:  A cancer that forms on either the external lining of an organ, or on the surface of the skin.

carcinoma in situ:  The early stage of a cancerous cell growth on the skin or surface lining of an organ (carcinoma) which has not yet progressed or spread from its original site.  Also referred to as CIS.

carbuncle:  A abscess on the skin or an accumulation of pus within the body.

CAT scan:  See computerized axial tomography.

catecholamine:  An amine such as epinephrine or norepinephrine that acts as a neurotransmitter or as a hormone.

catheter:  A small tube passed through the urethra and into the bladder to facilitate the flow of urine out of the bladder or to introduce a substance into the bladder.

catheterization:  The insertion of a catheter into the bladder by way of the urethra, or by means of an incision in the wall of the abdomen.

cauterization:  A means of closing a wound or incision by use of heat, electricity, laser or caustic chemical.  Can also be used to kill abnormal tissue, allowing it to be reabsorbed by the body or removed.

CBC:  See complete blood count.

cerebral cortex:  The portion of the brain that handles voluntary actions by the body, such as the conscious control of the bladder and urination.

cervical:  Of or referring to a neck structure, including, but not limited to, the neck of the human body.  Cervical can relate to other neck-like structures, such as the neck of the uterus in females.

cervical glands:  The glands located within the mucosa of the uterine cervix.

cervical mucous:  The mucous coating the uterine neck.

cervix:  Latin word for “neck”.  As applied to the female reproductive system, the cervix refers to the narrow section at the lower part of the uterus.

chemotherapy:  A cancer treatment that seeks to kill malignant cells or to prevent them from spreading by use of chemicals introduced into the body.

cholesterol:  A fatty steroid that is critical for a number of processes within the body.  Cholesterol, in very large amounts, can form deposits within the arteries that can restrict the normal flow of blood.

cholinergic:  Referring to the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system which produce the important neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.

chordee:  The condition in which a penis, when erect, exhibits an abnormal downward bend.

chromosome:  The rod-shaped structures, present within the nucleus of a cell, which are comprised of DNA and proteins.  The chromosomes carry the genes which determine the characteristics of the organism.

chronic:  A slowly progressing and long lasting disease, such as chronic renal failure which my progress over a number of years before reaching end-stage renal failure.

chronic bacterial prostatitis:  An unusual type of bacterial prostatitis in which there are recurrent infections.

chronic inflammatory bowel syndrome:  A long-term disease arising from the large intestine contracting irregularly.

chronic non-bacterial prostatitis:  Inflammation of the prostate that is not caused by a bacterial infection.

chronic prostatitis:  Slow and long lasting inflammation of the prostate.

chronic renal failure:  A slow progression of diminishing kidney function which can ultimately lead to end-stage renal failure, requiring dialysis and/or a kidney transplant.

CIC:  See clean intermittent catherization.

circumcision:  The practice of surgically removing the foreskin of the penis.

CIS:  See carcinoma in situ.

citrate:  A salt derived from citric acid.

clean intermittent catheterization:  Periodic catheterization, using a clean catheter and sterile procedure, for the purposes of allowing urine to drain from the bladder.  Also referred to as CIC.

clear cell sarcoma:  An unusual type of tumor in the kidney.

clinical trials:  Refers to studies conducted by researches to determine the medical potential of new drugs, equipment or procedures.

clitoris:  The small erectile sex organ of the female, located at the front of the vagina.

CMG:  See cystometrogram.

cognitive:  Referring to the process of conscious thought.

collagen:  Protein essential to the formation and maintenance of cartilage, bone and other tissues.  Stress urinary incontinence is often treated by means of collagen injection.

collagenase:  The enzyme that breaks down collagen.

colon:  Section of the large intestine that serves to remove water from digested food.

colonic diverticula:  A herniated wall of the colon.

colostomy:  A surgical opening in the abdomen used for removing solid waste from the body in lieu of the anus.

comorbidity:  The presence several coexisting diseases.

compensatory hypertrophy:  Growth by one organ in an attempt by the body to make up for the loss of a different organ.

complete blood count:  The standard scale for measuring content of white and red blood cells.  Also referred to as a CBC.

compliance:  When used in reference to the bladder, a term to express the capacity of the bladder to expand to hold urine.

computerized axial tomography:   A diagnostic procedure that utilizes X-rays to create a composite cross-sectional image of a body part that is much more detailed than a singular X-ray alone.  Also referred to as a CAT scan.

concealed penis:  See buried penis.

condom catheter:  A device used to treat men with urinary incontinence.  The device is attached over the shaft of the penis and directs urine that is involuntarily released from the bladder and through the urethra into a receptacle.

condoms:  Snug fit coverings designed to enclose the erect penis of a male during copulation so as to prevent impregnating the female and/or transmitting a disease.

congenital abnormalities:  Any irregularity of form or function that has been present since birth.

congenital adrenal hyperplasia:  A congenital disorder that causes a deficiency of the cortisol and aldosterone hormones, as well as an excess of the androgen hormone.  Also referred to as CAH.

congenital mesoblastic nephroma:  Congenital disorder that causes the development of tumors in the kidney from infancy.   c

Conn’s syndrome:  A syndrome in which the an abnormality within the adrenal gland causes it to produce an excess of the aldosterone hormone.  Also referred to as primary hyperaldosteronism.

constipation:  A condition in which it is difficult to eliminate feces from the body.  Caused by the excessive dehydration of stool.

constricted:  Made narrower.
continence:  The ability to voluntary control urination and bowel movements.

continous cyclic peritoneal dialysis:  A type of machine facilitated peritoneal dialysis.  Dialysate is drained from and filled to the abdomen by mechanical process.  The bulk of dialysis is done while the patient is sleeping, where it is usual to perform 3 to 5 cycles during one dialysis sitting.  This is followed by a single cycle during the day.  Also referred to as CCPD.

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis:  A type of peritoneal dialysis that does not require the use of a machine.  This is a continuous (constantly going) form of dialysis that is controlled and monitored by human action.  Also referred to as CAPD.

contract:  To narrow or become smaller.

contracture:  An abnormal permanent contraction of a body part, which can potentially cause deformity.

coronary artery disease:  A condition in which an insufficient blood flow reaches the heart.  This can cause sensations in the chest ranging from moderate discomfort to severe pain

corpora:  The main mass of a distinct body, such as an entire body part or organ.
corpora cavernosa:  Two cylindrical chambers within the penis which fill with blood to enlarge and stiffen the penis for copulation.

corporoplasty technique:  A procedure used to correct curvature of the penis and to reduce the pain associated with Peyronie’s disease.  Scar tissue is surgically cut away and the affected area is covered with a graft so as to straighten while maintaining overall length.

corpus spongiosum:  The column of spongy erectile tissue that extends through the center of the penis which encircles the urethra and lies between the corpora cavernosa.

cortex:  An organ’s external layer.

bacteria:  A broad spectrum of single-celled microorganisms.  Some bacteria exist independently, while other depend upon a host organism for survival.  Though many may exist within the human body without ill-effect, some bacteria may cause infection.  Bacterial infections are generally treated successfully with antibiotics.

bacterial:  Of or relating to a bacteria.

bacterial prostatitis:  An inflammation of the prostate brought about by bacterial infection.

balanitis:  A condition wherein the glans (tip) of the penis becomes inflamed.

balanitis xerotica obliterans:  A chronic skin condition that causes the skin of the penis to thicken and results in scarring. Also referred to as BXO.

balanoposthitis:  A condition wherein both the glans (tip) and foreskin become inflamed.

balloon angioplasty:  The surgical correction of a narrowed or occluded artery.  The procedure consists of passing a catheter, with an inflatable balloon affixed to the tip, through the diseased artery. The balloon is then inflated to expand the affected portion of the artery.

balloon dilation:  A medical treatment to correct the impediment of urination caused by prostate enlargement or benign prostatic hyperplasia.  The procedure consists of passing a small balloon into the urethra.  The balloon can then be enlarged to widen the urethral passage to facilitate urine flow from the bladder.  Also referred to as balloon urethroplasty.

balloon urethroplasty:  See balloon dilation.

bedside commode:  A portable toilet for use by persons who have mobility issues that make walking to the regular lavatory difficult or impossible.

behavioral techniques:  The alteration of personal habits to alleviate the symptoms of prostate enlargement or other conditions that affect normal urination patterns.  Such techniques include modifying diet, timed urination, and other exercises.  Also referred to as Self-Care Techniques.

benign:  Not displaying abnormal, hazardous growth (non-malignant, non-cancerous).

benign prostatic hyperplasia:  Enlargement of the prostate by non-cancerous causes.  Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common cause of prostate enlargement and effects almost all men to some degree as they advance in age.  It can often cause difficulties in urination as the prostate restricts and narrows the urethra.  Also known as BPH.

benign tumor:  An non-cancerous (not malignant) tumor. These growths typically do not spread throughout the body.  The can generally be removed without recurrence.

bicornate uterus:  A uterus having two horn-shaped branches, as opposed to the normal uterus which has only one.

bilateral:  Referring to any condition that affects both sides of the body, or in the case of paired organs, a condition that affects both of the pair.

bilateral hyperplasia:  An abnormal growth only on a single side or on only one of two paired organs.

biofeedback:  A treatment that utilizes impulses from electrodes to raise awareness of the body.  This procedure can help patients gain greater control of their pelvic muscles.

biofeedback therapy:  A treatment that focuses on behavioral aspects which allow a person to better control normally involuntary responses to stimuli, such as muscle contractions.  Feedback is given in the form of visual, auditory or tactile cues, allowing the individual to become more conscious of how he or she consciously controlling muscle activity.  This can be used to assist individuals with urinary disorders greater control of the pelvic muscles.

biopsies:  The removal of a small portion of a tissue with a needle, or taken during surgery for microscopic examination to evaluate the presence of malignant or otherwise abnormal cells.

biopsy:  A medical procedure used to collect a small portion of a body tissue using a needle to extract cells or cutting away a sample during surgery for examination under a microscope to evaluate whether or not cancerous or otherwise abnormal cells are present.

bladder:  A balloon-shaped pound comprised of thick muscle fibers.  It is this body that collects and holds urine, until it is voluntary discharged through the urethra in the act of normal urination.

bladder augmentation:  A surgical procedure to enlarge the bladder by augmenting its size.  This is usually accomplished by adding a section taken from the intestine.

bladder capacity:  The maximum volume of urine that may be stored by the bladder.  Also referred to as bladder volume.

bladder control:  The capability of controlling the timing and release of urine.  Also referred to as continence.

bladder diverticula:  Pouches or bulges in the bladder wall that may either exist from birth or form over time.  Congenital bladder diverticula refers to a weakened portion of the bladder wall that is present from birth.  A portion of the lining of the bladder is forced through this weakened section.  Bladder diverticulation may occur at multiple sites throughout the bladder, but most often form around the upper urinary system enters into the bladder.

bladder exstrophy:  A defect present from birth that presents itself as a malformation of the bladder and urethra.  The bladder and other structures are developed externally (outside of the abdomen).  Because the bladder and other structures are exposed to the outside of the body, urine constantly trickles onto the skin causing irritation.

bladder infection:  An infection of the urinary tract affecting the bladder.  Symptoms of a bladder infection can include an increase in frequency and urgency of urination, wetting, and a burning sensation while urinating.  Also referred to as cystitis.

bladder instillation:  Flushing the bladder by means of filling the bladder with a solution that may be retained for varying time periods before being drained out by way of a catheter.

bladder irrigation: Flushing the bladder by means of a continuous flow through a catheter.

bladder neck:  The thicker portion of the bladder where the urethra connects.  The thick muscle fibers of the neck contract or relax voluntarily to contain or release urine from the bladder into the urethra.  During the act of ejaculation these muscles also tighten to prevent ejaculate from flowing backwards into the bladder.

bladder neck contracture:  A possible complication arising out of surgery, wherein scarring of the tissue in the area of the bladder neck creates urinary problems.  This may require corrective surgery.

bladder prolapse:  Slippage of the bladder for its normal and correct position.
bladder relaxants:  Drug given to increase the frequency and urgency of urination.

bladder suspension:  A term encompassing several surgical treatments for urethral hyper mobility.  Bladder suspension elevates and secures the bladder at its normal position in the body.  These surgical procedures are used to treat stress incontinence.   Also referred to as bladder neck suspension.

bladder training:  A form of behavioral or self-care technique in which the patient trains himself to urinate on a regular schedule and to thoroughly empty the bladder.

bladder ultrasound:  A means of measuring the volume of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.  This allows a urologist to gauge and diagnose incomplete emptying of the bladder.  Ultrasounds use sound waves to create an image of the bladder, allowing the measurement of urine volume.  Ultrasound is a painless procedure that does not expose the body to radiation as would an X-ray.  Also referred to as a bladder scan.

bladder X-ray:  The process of taking a picture of the bladder and urethra using X-ray imaging.  A radioactive substance is first introduced into the bladder to facilitate imaging.

blood transfusion:  The means of resupplying blood into the bloodstream of someone who has a blood disorder or has lost a significant amount of blood by transferring blood from a healthy donor.

blood urea nitrogen:  The waste which results from the breakdown of proteins in foods and is carried in the bloodstream.  Urea is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.  Blood urea nitrogen levels increase when the functionality of the kidneys decrease.  Also referred to as BUN.

bone anchors:  Screws, surgically installed into the pelvic bone, used to suspend and secure the bladder in its natural position to alleviate stress urinary incontinence.

bone marrow:  The substance present in the interior of some bones which plays a role in the generation of blood cells.

bone scan:  A nuclear skeletal image.

bovine tuberculosis:  Contagious illness stemming from an infection of the lymph nodes which then spreads to affect other organs in the body.

bowel:  A term referring to the intestines or colon.

bowel vaginoplasty:  Surgical procedure done to reconstruct or repair a damaged portion of the vaginal canal by utilizing tissue taken from the intestines.

BPH:  See prostatic hyperplasia.

brachytherapy:  A type of prostate cancer treatment wherein small radioactive pellets are introduced into the prostate.  Ultrasound is used to guide the placement.

bulbar:  Bulbous in shape.

bulbar urethral stricture:  A stricture which forms at the widest section of the urethra.

bulbourethral glands:  The pair of small glands located under the prostate gland.  The bulbourethral glands secret an alkaline liquid that comprises part of the male ejaculate.  The alkalinity of this fluid acts to neutralize the acidity of the urethra, so that the sperm are not destroyed during the passage through the urethra.  Also referred to as Cowper’s glands.

bulbous urethra:  Rounding and swelling of the urethra.

bulking agent:    Substance injected under the urethra to improve urinary control (continence).

BUN:  See Blood Urine Nitrogen

burch suspension:  A surgical procedure to raise the vagina and secure it to the pubic bone.

buried penis:  A condition in which the penile shaft is concealed by the skin or fat pad of the pubis.  Also referred to as a hidden or concealed penis.

BXO:  See balanitis xerotica obliterans.

abdomen:  The section of the body located between the thorax and pelvis.  The abdomen encloses and includes the cavity containing the digestive organs and other viscera such as the spleen, liver and pancreas.
Ablation:  The removal or excision of undesirable tissue, most often by surgical means.

abnormality:  Any condition that differs from the normal bodily structures, position or function.

abscess:  A buildup of pus occurring anywhere in the body.

absorbent products:  Absorbent articles designed to soak up urine and other bodily fluids.  These include, but are not limited to, both disposable and reusable types of garments and pads, as well as other absorbent items such as bed padding.

absorptive hypercalciuria:   A condition which causes calcium to combine with unabsorbed fatty acids, leading to excessive oxalate absorption by the intestines.

acetylcholine:  A critical chemical substance in neurons that plays the role of a neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system.   Acetylcholine facilitates transmission of nerve impulses across the synaptic cleft.  The parasympathetic nervous system functions as part of the autonomic nervous system to control involuntary actions of the smooth muscles including the heart, urethra and bladder.

ACTH:  see Adrenocorticotropic Hormone.

acute:  Used to describe the sudden onset or rapid progression of a disease requiring urgent medical attention.  Acute is often used to express the relatively short duration of an illness or condition, as opposed to subacute or chronic.  The acuteness of the condition, in regard to longevity and rapidity of change, is relative to the condition being described.

acute bacterial prostatitis:  An acute inflammation of the prostate gland brought about by bacterial infection of the urinary tract.  The presence of bacteria and white blood cells in the urine are indicative of the urinary tract infection.  Patients may display symptoms including fever, chills, pain or sensitivity in the genitals and/or lower back, general ache, increased frequency of urination, increased sense of urgency in urination and a burning or painful sensation when urinating.  The condition can be treated successfully with antibiotics.

acute incontinence:  The sudden inability to control urination.  This is often brought on by an existing condition or illness and can usually be corrected through successful treatment of that causing factor.
Acute Infectious Prostatitis:  The sudden onset and rapid progression of prostatitis brought about by bacterial infection and requiring urgent medical attention.

acute renal failure:  The sudden loss of kidney function.  Acute renal failure is most often temporary and the kidneys are able to regain functionality, as distinguished from chronic kidney failure.  Acute renal failure may also be referred to as acute kidney failure.

acute tubular necrosis:  A severe type of renal failure that most often affects individuals suffering from a severe illness or who have abnormally low blood pressure.  Kidney function may be restored by successful treatment of the causal condition.   During treatment of the root condition, dialysis may be necessary to combat the more immediate issue of the loss of renal function.

adenocarcinoma:  A cancerous growth that develops on the inner surface or lining of an organ.  Adenocarcinoma is, by far, the most common form of prostate cancer.

adenoma:  A benign tumor that forms in and closely resembles the tissue of a gland.  If the adenoma becomes malignant it is then referred to as an adenocarcinoma.

adenomectomy:  removal of a gland by surgical means

ADH :  see Antidiuretic Hormone

adjuvant:  From the Latin “adjuvans” meaning to help, specifically to assist in reaching an objective.  Adjuvant is used in reference to any substance that is used to enhance the effectiveness of another drug or agent, or that improves the capability of an antigen to stimulate the immune system.  Adjuvant therapy for cancer refers to the practice of surgically removing the cancerous tissue, the utilizing chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence.

adrenal:  Of or referring to the adrenal glands located above the kidneys.  See Adrenal Glands.

adrenal adenoma:  A benign growth on the cortex of the adrenal gland.

adrenal cancer:  A malignant growth (cancer) on the adrenal gland.

adrenal carcinoma:  A malignant growth (cancer) on the cortex of the adrenal gland.

adrenal cortex:  The external portion of the adrenal gland.  The cortex produces mineralcorticoid hormones which regulate the mineral content of the blood and  maintain the balance between water and salts in the body.  The cortex also produces steroid hormones which regulate metabolism, specifically that of carbohydrates and fats.

adrenal glands:  The pair of endocrine glands located above the kidneys which produce hormones that regulate blood pressure, heart rate, metabolism and other imperative functions.  The adrenals are comprised of an external cortex and internal medulla.  control heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food and other vital functions. The outer cortex produces steroid hormones and minertalocortoids which regulate the mineral content of the blood.  The interior medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin).

adrenal medulla:  The internal portion of the adrenal gland.  The medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) as a response to drops in glucose levels in the blood and as a response to stress or heightened activity.  Epinephrine causes glycogen in the liver to break down into glucose, allows adipose tissue to release fatty acids, promotes arterial dilation in the muscles and increase heart rate.  The medulla also produces norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which acts to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure.

adrenal tumor:  Abnormal cell growth or tissue mass in the adrenal gland.

adrenalectomy:  The removal of one or both adrenal glands by surgical means.

adrenaline:  The substance secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress, heightened activity or a decrease in blood glucose.  Adrenaline is a catecholamine (amines that act as hormones or neurotransmitters).  The release of adrenaline into the bloodstream creates a number of effects in the body, such as dilation of the arteries in the muscles, increased heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles of the lungs, release of fatty acids by adipose tissue, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, etc.  Adrenaline is also referred to as epinephrine.

adrenocortical carcinoma:  Malignant tumor (cancer) in the cortex of the adrenal gland.

adrenocorticotropic hormone:  A Hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and which stimulates the adrenal cortex, causing it to produce steroid hormones.  Also referred to as ACTH.

afferent nerve pathway:    The nerve pathways which carry sensory impulses.

ailment:    A mild illness or other chronic condition.

albuminuria:  Higher than usual amounts of a the albumin protein in the urine. Albuminuria may indicate the onset of kidney disease.

aldosterone:  An adrenal hormone this is critical for maintaining the salt (sodium) balance in the body. It is produced by the exterior portion of the adrenal cortex.  Aldosterone acts by means of a reabsorption of sodium and a secretion of potassium. It is necessary for the maintenance of blood pressure.

alkaline phosphates:  Enzymes which can be released into the blood due to various disorders.

alkalinity:    Refers to the concentration of alkali, which is an acid-neutralizing chemical substance, in a solution.  Alkalinity is measured in terms of pH.

allantois:  A membranous sac that grows from the lower portion of the abdominal cavity.  The allantois combines with the chorion to form the placenta and the umbilical cord.

allograft:  Refers to the transplant of organs or tissue from one human to another.

alpha-adrenergic blockers:  Drugs used in the treatment of high blood pressure and other conditions such an enlargement of the prostate or stress induced urinary incontinence.  Also referred to as alpha-blockers.

alpha-blockers:  See alpha-adrenergic blockers.

alport syndrome:  An genetic condition that leads to kidney disease. It generally develops early in childhood and is usually more serious in males than in females. Alport Syndrome can result in end-stage renal disease, as well as problems with hearing and vision. The most common symptoms of Alport Syndrome are chronic blood and protein in the urine.

ambiguous genitalia:  External genitalia which have physical characteristics of both normal male and female, while being distinctly neither, though one sex may predominate.

amyloidosis:  A condition marked by the buildup of a protein-like material in one or more organs. This substance cannot be broken down and hinders the normal function of the organ. In kidneys, amyloidosis can cause nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria, and renal failure.

analgesia:  The inability to feel pain while retaining consciousness.

analgesic:  A drug designed to alleviate pain without rendering the patient unconscious.

analgesic-associated kidney disease:  The loss of kidney function that can result from the long-term use of pain-relieving medications.

anaplasia:  Changes that occur within groups of cancerous cells or that occur within an individual cancer cell.

anaplastic:  Concerning or characterized by a lessening of distinctive cell features.

anatomy:  The physical aspects of the internal structures of an organism or the structure of any of its individual parts.

androgen:  A male sex hormone, such as testosterone, which plays a role in the development and continuance of the male sex characteristics.

androgen suppression therapy:  Treatment aimed at lowering the levels of the male hormones (androgens) that can permit prostate cancer cells to develop.

anemia:  A condition in which the patient has too few red blood cells to carry sufficient amounts of oxygen throughout the body. Those with anemia may display signs of being tired and pale, complain of shortness of breath and/or may feel changes in the rhythm of their heartbeat. Anemia is common condition associated with chronic renal failure and dialysis.

anesthesia:  The loss of sensation and/or consciousness brought about intentionally by use of an anesthetizing agent (anesthetic).  General anesthetics may be used during surgery to render the patient wholly desensitized and unconscious.  Local anesthetics are paralyzing or numbing agents used to desensitize specific small areas of the body without causing unconsciousness. Regional anesthetics, like local anesthetics, do not affect consciousness but desensitizes a larger area of the body, such as an entire limb.  Local and regional anesthesia are also referred to as “conduction anesthesia”.  Conduction anesthesia is used to facilitate a large number of surgeries. Conduction anesthesia is especially useful in outpatient procedures where unconsciousness would be undesirable and in surgeries, such as C-sections, where general anesthesia might pose a significant risk.

anesthesia, general:  Anesthesia in which the person is rendered unconscious with relaxation of the muscles and loss of pain sensation throughout the entire body.

anesthesia, local:  Anesthesia causing the loss of sensation only in a specific part of the body.
anesthsia, regional:  Anesthesia causing loss of sensation over an entire region of the body.

anesthesiologist:  A physician who performs and/or supervises the administration of anesthetics during surgery.

anesthetic: Any substance that is used to generate a lack of feeling or awareness.

anesthetic creams:  Creams that contain a small amount of an anesthetizing agent, usually benzocaine.

anesthetized:  The state of being rendered unconscious and/or numbed by an anesthetic.

aneurysm:  An abnormal broadening of a section of a blood vessel.

angiogram:  An X-ray photograph taken of a blood vessel.

angiography:  The examination, by use of an X-ray of the blood vessels and lymphatics.  A dye is used for the purpose of making these structures visible by X-ray.

angiomyolipoma:  Benign (non-cancerous) smooth muscle tumors in the kidneys. Usually treated via nephrectomy.

aniridia:  Absence of the iris of the eye.  Can issue from birth or result from an injury or surgery.

anterior:  Of or relating to the front.

anti-androgen:  Hormonal therapy drug that works by blocks a cancer cell’s ability to uptake testosterone by otherwise affixing the proteins on the surface of the cell.

antibiotic:  Any drug, such as penicillin or tetracycline, used to combat bacterial infections and illnesses brought about by microbial activity.  Antibiotics selectively target and inhibit growth of the undesirable microorganism.

antibiotic prophylaxis:  The prevention of infection by means of daily treatment with antibiotics.

antibody:  Protein that combats infections.

anticholinergic:  Obstructing the impulses from the branch of the nervous system that regulates heartbeat, blood pressure and other stress responses. Any substance that hinders the effects of acetylcholine. These drugs increase bladder contractions thereby helping with bladder storage and are useful in treating urge incontinence.

anticoagulant:    Any substance that interferes with or prevents the clotting of blood.

antidepressants:    Medications used in the treatment depression and other connected conditions.

antidiuretic hormone:  A chemical produced naturally by the body which retards the production of urine. Chronic bed-wetting in children may indicate an abnormally low level of antidiuretic hormone.  Also referred to as ADH.

antihistamine:  Medication that blocks histamine receptors in cells.  Antihistamines may be used either to prevent allergy symptoms such as sneezing and itching or to slow the rate of certain secretions within the stomach.

antihypertensive:  That which reduces or prevents abnormally high blood pressure

antimicrobial medications:  Any medication that kills microorganisms or impedes their capacity for multiplication or growth.

antispasmodics:  Able to relieve or prevent spasms.

antiviral:  Able to eliminate a virus or otherwise render it inert.

anuria:  A condition in which the body loses its ability to produce urine.

anus:  Aperture at the end of the digestive tract which allows feces to exit the body. The anus includes the entirety of the last two inches of the rectum.

anxiety:  Feeling a strong degree of apprehension and stress severe enough to interfere with daily routines.

aorta: The major artery of the body.  The aorta proceeds from the left ventricle of the heart, and descends through the chest and abdomen before branching out into the two principal arteries of the leg (the common iliac arteries).

aortoiliac occlusive disease:  Disorders affecting the two primary blood vessels, the aorta and the iliac arteries, that provide blood to the lower half of the body.

aortorenal bypass grafts:  Tissue transplants used in aortorenal bypass surgery when treating renal artery disease.

apical:  Of or referring to the top of something.

appendicitis:  Painful inflammation of the appendix.

appendix epididymis or testis:  Minute embryologic remnants which are connected to the apical poles of the epididymis and testicle. These small remains are not functional.  However, torsion of these appendices can cause swelling and significant pain.

ART:  See assisted reproductive technologies

arterial:  Of or relating to the arteries.  Also used in reference to things acting upon the arteries.

arterial embolization:  A obstruction of blood flow caused by a foreign object of blood clot becoming lodged in an artery.

arteries:  The blood vessels that transfer blood from the heart throughout the body.

arteriography:  Medical examination of the arteries.

arteriovenous fistula:  A surgical procedure performed primarily in patients who require hemodialysis.  The procedure consists of connecting and existing artery to a vein.  The result is a thickening of the vein.  The procedure is generally done on the arm of the patient so that the thickened vein can withstand the repetitious needle insertion necessary for hemodialysis. Also referred to as AV fistula.

artery:  See arteries.

artificial insemination: The introduction of sperm into a woman’s uterus by artificial means for the purpose of impregnation.  Usually done in instances where natural means are not an option for impregnation.

artificial sphincter:  An artificial device used to improve quality of life in patients suffering from extreme cases of incontinence arising from surgery, trauma, stress, prostate cancer, congenital defect or other causes.  The artificial urinary sphincter is implanted around the urethra of the patient to control urine flow.  The artificial urinary sphincter operates by means of an air pump inserted into the labia or scrotum of the patient.  The sphincter can then be opened by means of the pump to facilitate urination.  When the pump is depressed, pressure is released from the cuff encircling the urethra so that emptying of the bladder may be accomplished.  The cuff then reestablishes pressure by means of a reservoir, again closing the urethra to prevent incontinence.  As with all surgical implants, the artificial urinary sphincter can present a risk for infection and tissue erosion.  Mechanical failure of the sphincter is also a possibility.  For the most part these complications can be avoided with standard pre-surgical evaluation of the patient, as well as appropriate operative procedures and postoperative follow-up techniques.

AS-RAS:  See atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.

aspermia: Without sperm.

asthenospermia:  A defect in the sperm resulting in loss of or limited motility.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies:  Recently developed methods of fertility treatment that integrate multiple means of retrieving and preparing sperm.  The sperm is then processed so as to ensure its optimal potential for fertilization.  These procedures are utilized in a number of fertility treatments to improve the chances of conception.  Artificial insemination, sperm microinjection and in vitro fertilization are examples of this line of fertility treatment.

asymmetry: the quality of being without balance or symmetry.

asymptomatic prostatic inflammation:  A form of prostate inflammation wherein the patient does not display symptoms.  Asymptomatic prostatic inflammation is most often caught by biopsy and generally require no treatment.

atherosclerosis:  The gradual process of thickening and hardening of the arterial walls in medium to large sized arteries caused by fatty deposits accumulating on the inner lining.

atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis:  Atherosclerotic narrowing of the renal artery as fat deposits build up on the inner lining.  Also referred to as AS-RAS.

ATN:  See acute tubular necrosis.

atrophy:  The wasting away or shrinking of an organ or tissue.

autoimmune:  A misdirected immune response in which the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissue.

autoimmune disease:  Any condition, such as goodpasture syndrome and lupus erythematosus in which the body’s immune system produces antibodies that attack itself.

autologous:   Originating from the same individual.

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease:  A genetic disorder wherein the kidney is enlarged by the presence of multiple cysts.  Healthy tissue is eventually overwhelmed, resulting in renal failure.

AV fistula:  See arteriovenous fistula.

azoospermia:  A lack of sperm in the ejaculate.

azotemia: An excessive amount of urea or other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood.  Also referred to as azotemic.

Many times subltle problems with ED may worsen after prostate surgery, particulary after a radical prostatectomy for cancer or even with a transurethral resection of the prostate for an enlarged prostate.

The first step in evaluation would be to measure the level of testosterone (male hormone) in the blood…this needs to be done early in the morning. If the level is low, testosterone replacement may be suggested…in the absence of a history of prostate cancer. Testosterone supplementation is contraindicated in patients with prostate cancer. If testosterone supplementation is ineffective or contraindicated, oral medications such as Viagra, Levitra, or Cialis may be used if there is no history of heart disease. If this is unsuccessful, intracorporal injections (ICI) may be sugggested. This involves injecting the penis with medication prior to intercourse and can be very successful. However many men may not want to inject a medication with a needle and syringe into their penis. A vacuum device may also be suggested.

The bottom line is ED needs to be evaluated and treated by a Urologist.